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| image_map = Confederate States of America (orthographic projection).svg | image_map_caption = The Confederate States in 1862. Light green denotes claims made by the Confederacy. Medium green denotes western counties of Virginia that separated from that State and were admitted to the Union as West Virginia. Teal denotes the rest of the Indian Territory that did not sign a treaty with the CSA. | capital = | }} | largest_city = | }} | common_languages = English | government_type = Federal/Confederal presidential non-partisan republic | title_leader = President | leader1 = Jefferson Davis | year_leader1 = 1861–65 | title_deputy = Vice President | deputy1 = Alexander Stephens | year_deputy1 = 1861–65 | legislature = Congress | house1 = Senate | house2 = House of Representatives | era = American Civil War International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919) | event_start = Confederacy formed | date_start = February 4 | event1 = Constitution adopted | date_event1 = March 11, 1861 | event2 = Battle of Fort Sumter | date_event2 = April 12, 1861 | event3 = Siege of Vicksburg | date_event3 = May 18, 1863 | event4 = Military collapse | date_event4 = April 9, 1865 | event_end = Dissolution | date_end = May 5, | stat_year1=1860 |stat_area1=1995392 |stat_pop1=9103332 | stat_year2=Slaves |stat_area2= |stat_pop2=3521110 | currency = | p1=South Carolina in the American Civil War |flag_p1=Fort Moultrie flag.svg | p2=Mississippi in the American Civil WarMississippi |flag_p2=Flag of Mississippi (1861-1894).svg | p3=Florida in the American Civil WarFlorida |flag_p3=Florida Provisional 1861.svg | p4=Alabama in the American Civil War |flag_p4=Alabama 1861 Obverse.svg | p5=Georgia in the American Civil WarGeorgia |flag_p5=Flag of Georgia non official.svg | p6=Louisiana in the American Civil WarLouisiana|flag_p6=Louisiana Feb 11 1861.svg | p7=Texas in the American Civil WarTexas |flag_p7=Flag of Texas.svg | p8=Virginia in the American Civil WarVirginia |flag_p8=Flag of Virginia (1861).svg | p9=Arkansas in the American Civil WarArkansas |flag_p9=Proposed_Arkansas_flag_(1910).svg | p10=North Carolina in the American Civil War|flag_p10=Flag of North Carolina (1861).svg | p11=Tennessee in the American Civil WarTennessee|flag_p11=Tennessee 1861 proposed.svg | s1=United States|flag_s1=US flag 34 stars.svg |today = | footnotes = }} The Confederate States of America (CSA or C.S.), commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a confederation of secessionist American states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was originally formed by seven slave states in the Lower South region of the United States whose regional economy was mostly dependent upon agriculture, particularly cotton, and a plantation system that relied upon the enslavement of African Americans.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.nps.gov/resources/story.htm?id=251 )〕 Each state declared its secession from the United States following the November 1860 election of Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln to the U.S. presidency on a platform which opposed the expansion of slavery. A new Confederate government was proclaimed in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, but was considered illegal by the government of the United States. After civil war began in April, four slave states of the Upper South also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The Confederacy later accepted Missouri and Kentucky as members, although neither officially declared secession nor were they ever fully controlled by Confederate forces; Confederate shadow governments attempted to control the two states but were later exiled from them. The government of the United States (the Union) rejected the claims of secession and considered the Confederacy illegitimate. The American Civil War began with the April 12, 1861 Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after very heavy fighting, largely on Confederate territory, all the Confederate forces surrendered and the Confederacy vanished. No foreign government officially recognized the Confederacy as an independent country,〔〔Thomas, Emory M. ''The Confederate Nation, 1861–1865''. New York: Harper & Row, 1979. ISBN 978-0-06-014252-0. pp. 256–257.〕 although Great Britain and France granted it belligerent status. While the war lacked a formal end, Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had "disappeared" in 1865. ==Span of control== On March 11, 1861, the Confederate Constitution of seven state signatories—South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas— replaced the February 7 provisional Confederated States constitution with one stating in its preamble a desire for a "permanent federal government". Four additional slave-holding states—Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina—declared their secession and joined the Confederacy following a call by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln for troops from each state to recapture Sumter and other lost federal properties in the South. Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also aligned with the Confederacy were two of the "Five Civilized Tribes" and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts to secede in Maryland were halted by federal imposition of martial law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty, did not attempt it. A Unionist government in western parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia which was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863. Confederate control over its claimed territory and population in congressional districts steadily shrank from 73% to 34% during the course of the Civil War due to the Union's successful overland campaigns, its control of the inland waterways into the South, and its blockade of the southern seacoast.〔Martis, Kenneth C., op. cit., 1994, p. 43-53.〕 With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal (in addition to reunion). As Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed, and many were enrolled in Union service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers. The most notable advance was Sherman's "March to the Sea" in late 1864. Much of the CSA's infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraph, railroads and bridges. Plantations in their path were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and limiting army mobility. These losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Davis's administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, and allegations of autocratic government. After four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865, and shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, effectively signalling the collapse of the Confederacy. President Davis was captured on May 10, 1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held.〔Weigley (2000), p. 453.〕 The U.S. government began a decade-long process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. The priorities were: to guarantee that Confederate nationalism and slavery were indeed dead, to enforce the Thirteenth Amendment which outlawed slavery, the Fourteenth which guaranteed dual U.S. and state citizenship to all, and the Fifteenth which guaranteed the right of Freedmen to vote. By 1877, Reconstruction ended in the former Confederate states and political control in each of them had been gradually re-established by white Southern Democrats, many of whom had formerly been disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many rich areas; the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure, and exhausted resources. The region remained well below national levels of prosperity until long after World War II. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Confederate States of America」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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